Measure ID
CARD-03
Domain
Description

Percentage of high cardiac risk patients with significantly elevated postoperative troponin levels.

Measure Type
Outcome
Available for Provider Feedback
Yes
Threshold
<5%
Rationale

Preventing myocardial infarction is an important anesthetic goal. Protecting against this outcome is particularly relevant among patients with comorbid conditions or undergoing surgeries at high risk of major adverse cardiac events.

Troponin I levels are accurate markers of myocardial infarction. Postoperative myocardial injury within 72 hours (as defined by a Troponin I level >2x the 99th percentile upper reference limit) is associated with a significantly increased risk of 30-day mortality. Furthermore, any amount of postoperative myocardial injury (as defined by a Troponin I level > 0.03 ng/mL) is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality.  Adjusted relative risk of death was 4.2 for patients with Troponin I ≥ 0.60 ng/mL.

Measure Time Period

Anesthesia End to 72 hours after Anesthesia End

Inclusions
  • Adult patients undergoing high-risk surgery* OR
  • Adult patients undergoing any procedure with a history of ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes requiring preoperative insulin, or chronic kidney disease (baseline Cr > 2.0 mg/dL).**

* High-risk surgeries include intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, or suprainguinal vascular procedures, as adapted from the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) and identified by Anesthesia CPT codes:

 High Risk Surgery Type

 Anesthesia CPT Codes

 Intraperitoneal

00730, 00754, 00756, 00790, 00792, 00794, 00796, 00797, 00840, 00844, 00846, 00848, 00851, 00866, 01140

 Intrathoracic

00500, 00539, 00540, 00541, 00542, 00546, 00548, 00625, 00626, 01636,

 Suprainguinal Vascular

00216, 00350, 00670, 00770, 00880, 00882, 01650, 01652, 01654, 01656, 01770, 01772, 01925, 01926

 

** Comorbidities posing high cardiac risk are adapted from the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) and are identified by Elixhauser Comorbidity Index variables (congestive heart failure, diabetes), preoperative lab values (baseline serum creatinine), or comorbidity-specific ICD-9/10 codes (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease):

Comorbidity

Specific Diagnostic Criteria

 Congestive heart failure

 Elixhauser Comorbidity – Congestive Heart Failure

 Diabetes

 Elixhauser Comorbidity – Diabetes (uncomplicated)

 Elixhauser Comorbidity – Diabetes (complicated)

 Ischemic Heart Disease

 MPOG Phenotype – Coronary Artery Disease

 Cerebrovascular Disease

 MPOG Phenotype – Cerebrovascular Disease

 Chronic Kidney Disease

 Most recent serum creatinine within 60 days > 2.0 mg/dL

 

Exclusions
  • ASA 5 and 6 including Organ Procurement (CPT: 01990)
  • Cardiac cases as determined by the Procedure Type: Cardiac value codes > 0
  • Outpatient cases
  • Troponin I > 0.01 ng/mL within 42 days prior to anesthesia start***

*** Rationale for excluding patient with troponin elevation within 42 days prior to date of surgery is based upon ACC/AHA guidelines recommending a delay in elective surgery for 6 weeks following myocardial infarction.

Success Criteria

In cases with Troponin I or Troponin T value(s) available within 72 hours after anesthesia end, all values must be less than or equal to the following:

  • Troponin I (ctnl) ≤ 600 ng/L
  • Troponin I (ctnl) ≤ 0.6 ng/mL
  • Troponin T (hs-cTnT) ≤ 84 ng/L
  • Troponin T (hs-cTnT) ≤ 84 pg/L
  • Troponin T (hs-cTnT) ≤ 0.084 ng/mL

If no Troponin I (or Troponin T) values are available within 72 hours after anesthesia end and there is no documentation of perioperative myocardial injury (MPOG Concepts: 90201, 90202), the case will not be flagged (ie we presume no myocardial injury).

Other Measure Details
  • CARD 03 is an outcome measure that identifies high cardiac risk patients that have severely elevated troponin levels within 72 hours postoperatively.
  • If another case starts within 72 hours, then the time window ends at anesthesia start of the subsequent case. 
  • For the preoperative Troponin I exclusion, cases with preoperative Troponin I values with ‘less than (<)’ included in the result will be included up to ‘<0.31.’ For example, preoperative Troponin I levels that are resulted as ‘<0.02’ will be included for the measure. However, a preoperative Troponin I value of 0.02 will be excluded. The rationale for this is each pathology department determines the lower bound for detecting Troponin I levels accurately. This is standardized to the health system but is not standard across all participating sites. 
  • For sites that use high sensitivity troponin T, although kinetics are different for Trop T and Trop I, a hs-Trop T measurement of 30 pg/ml roughly correlates with the initial detectable level of Trop I (just above 0.1 ng/ml). An hs-Trop T of 140 pg/ml roughly correlates with a current Trop I value of 1.0 ng/ml.  Using those endpoints, a Trop I value of .6 ng/ml roughly correlates to a hs-Trop T of .84 pg/ml.

*This measure will include only valid MPOG cases as defined by the Is Valid Case phenotype.

Risk Adjustment

Pending.

Provider Attribution

Primary Provider - Provider(s) present for longest duration of the case per staff role, unless there are providers who failed BP-01 (sustained MAP < 55 mmHg) during case. If true, BP-01 flag takes precedence over longest duration.

Method for determining Responsible Provider:

  1. Provider(s) who failed BP 01. If not applicable,
  2. Provider(s) present for longest duration of the case per staff role. 

Algorithm for determining Provider Sign-In Duration:

MPOG Concept Used

Labs

  • 5011       Formal lab – Cardiac Troponin I (cTnl ng/mL)
  • 3396       Formal lab – Cardiac Troponin I (cTnl ng/L)
  • 3397       Formal lab – High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT ng/mL)
  • 3392       Formal lab – High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT ng/L)
  • 3401       Formal lab – High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT pg/mL)
  • 5002       Formal lab – Creatinine, Serum/Plasma

Myocardial Injury

  • 90201    CPOM measure Cardiac Arrest
  • 90202    CPOM measure Myocardial Ischemia
MPOG Phenotypes Used
Case Report Return Columns
References
  1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Global Heart. 2012;7(4):275-295.
  2. Devereaux PJ, Xavier D, Pogue J, et al. Characteristics and short-term prognosis of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a cohort study. Annals of internal medicine. 2011;154(8):523-528.
  3. Botto F, Alonso-Coello P, Chan MT, et al. Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: a large, international, prospective cohort study establishing diagnostic criteria, characteristics, predictors, and 30-day outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(3):564-578.
  4. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Journal of nuclear cardiology: official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2015;22(1):162-215.
  5. Abbott TEF, Pearse RM, Archbold RA, et al. A Prospective International Multicentre Cohort Study of Intraoperative Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure and Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery: Results of the VISION Study. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1936-1945
  6. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining Comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005 Nov; 43(11): 1130-9.
Measure Authors
 Measure Author  Institution
 Nirav Shah, MD  University of Michigan
 Kate Buehler, MS, RN  University of Michigan
 Allison Janda, MD  University of Michigan
 Mike Mathis, MD  University of Michigan
 Jay Jeong  University of Michigan
 MPOG Quality Committee  

 

Measure Reviewer(s)
Next Review: 2024
Date Reviewed Reviewer Institution Summary QC Vote
 3/22/2021

 Andrea Reidy, MD

 Michael Andrawes, MD

 Washington University

 Mass General Hospital

 Review  Modify

 

Version
Published: 2019
Date Criteria Revision
3/16/2022 Exclusion Modified cardiac exclusion to use Cardiac phenotype
11/12/2019 Success Added Troponin T values (ID: 3392, 3397, 3401)
7/25/2019 Success Add logic to attribute
7/1/2019   Initial Publication